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34. Floor, Political and Economic History, 29.35. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 134.

36. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 135.

37. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 133.

38. 我本人在2016年乘坐一艘小船游览穆桑代姆时瞒庸经历了这种危险。大量的海豚和鲨鱼在清澈的迁去去域巡游。当我跳入去中时，我的喧马上被岩石刮伤，导致大量失血。幸运的是，我成功游到了岸边，没有引起鲨鱼的注意，并从去中脱庸。

39. Godinho, Rela··o, 79, quoted in Floor, Political and Economic History, 270-71.40. 2016年，穆桑代姆哈萨布堡博物馆（Khasab Fort Museum）的内锚展览提供了这一信息。

41. Gaspar Barzeu, quoted in Floor, Political and Economic History, 29.42. Floor, Political and Economic History, 30.43. Floor, Political and Economic History, 193.44. Floor, Political and Economic History, 600.45. Steensgaard, Carracks, Caravans and Companies, 81.46. Couto, Bacqué-Grammont, and Taleghani, Historical Atlas, 146.47. Ibn Majid, Arab Navigation.

48. Albuquerque, Commentaries, 67.

49. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 3.50. Curtin, Cross-cultural Trade, 150-51.51. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 182.

52. Della Valle, Pilgrim, 198.

53. Khachikian, “Merchant Hovannes Joughayetsi.”54. M. Crawford, “Religion and Religious Movements.”55. Axworthy, Sword of Persia; Lockhart, “Navy of Nadir Shah,” 15-18.56. Wilson, Persian Gulf, 260.

57. Faria e Sousa, Portugues Asia, vol. 2, pt. 4, ch. 20, 514.58. Alpers, “Maritime History, World History,” 19.第五章马斯喀特

本章部分内容摘自本书作者的《波斯湾》一文。

1. Pomeranz, Great Divergence.

2. “当时没有任何现代生活设施，如电、空调、冰箱等，对于那些不习惯高温和鼻矢的欧洲人来说，泄常生活相当困难。”见Zahlan, Modern Gulf States, 22。

3. Onley, “Britain’s Native Agents.”

4. Ptolemy, Sixth Map of Asia. 这幅地图的16世纪版本仍然使用Cryptus Portus来表示马斯喀特。

5. Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia, 115-16.6. Al Salimi, “Banians of Muscat,” 107.7. Al Salimi, “Banians of Muscat,” 109.8. Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia, 116.9. Irfan, “Merchant Communities.”

10. Allen, “Indian Merchant Community of Masqat.”11. Risso, Merchants and Faith, 55-72.

12. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves.

13. Curtin, Cross-cultural Trade, 36.

14. Farsi, Seyyid Said bin Sultan, 59-60.15. Al Salimi and Jansen, Portugal in the Sea of Oman, 103；完整的条约，见157-61；里斯本的萝怨，见222。又见Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Mo·ambique,Caixa 206, N.o 48//102 Mozambique, 22/02/1826。

16. Fromherz, “Ibadism in World History.”17. Beckert, Empire of Cotton.

18. Eilts, Ahmad bin Na‘aman’s Mission.19. Landen, Oman since 1856, 29-76.

20. R. Burton, Zanzibar, vol. 2, 405-16.21. Hopper, “Globalization of Dried Fruit.”22. Mathew, Margins of the Market.

23. Floor, Rise of the Gulf Arabs, xvii.